Population health is shaped by a range of economic, cultural, and environmental factors. Economic trends, political policies, climate change, the rise of social movements all have a hand in creating or undermining health. These conditions, of course, contribute to much more than health. They shape all aspects of the world we live in. They also inspire art as a representation of our world, holding a “mirror up to nature” that allows us to better understand the forces that shape the human story. A note, then, on the intersection of art and population health, and how a deeper understanding of art can make us better students of the conditions that influence the health of populations.
It was with this in mind that we last weekend hosted, in partnership with the Boston University Center for the Humanities, a symposium, “Humanities Approaches to the Opioid Crisis.” The event brought together scholars, artists, and health professionals to explore how art can open a window into the conditions that created this epidemic. As the opioid crisis has worsened, is has become clear that this problem is too big to approach from a single perspective. We must widen our gaze, and see the crisis through the lens of many disciplines, including art, if we are to stop it. We should take a similarly broad view of other health challenges, using the insights of art to help us deepen our empathy, expand our imaginations, and find solutions we might have otherwise overlooked.
How have the conditions that influence population health shaped art? In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution created substantial challenges for the health of the public and also served as a rich subject for painters, writers, and poets. Overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, and the spread of infectious disease led to landmark reforms like the Public Health Act of 1848; they also fueled the work of artists like Charles Dickens, Joseph Turner, and William Blake, who conjured enduring depictions of the economic and social changes that they witnessed. In novels like Oliver Twist and David Copperfield, Dickens dramatized how the effects of the Industrial Revolution victimized children and the poor. Blake also explored this theme, perhaps most poignantly in his “Chimney Sweeper” poems. Turner, for his part, illustrated the mechanization and increasingly rapid pace of the era in vivid paintings like his landscape Dudley, Worcestershire (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Turner JMW. Dudley, Worcestershire. 1832. Board of Trustees of the National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside (Lady Lever Art Gallery), Wirral, UK.
By engaging with the conditions of the period, these artists demonstrated how their changing society influenced, and often undermined, the health of populations. Dickens, in particular, was a noted advocate for marginalized and vulnerable groups. Through his art and his activism, he gave voice to the darker side of the Industrial Revolution and contributed to the groundswell of public opinion calling for needed reforms. The social conscience he articulated in his novels, which have never gone out of print, continues to influence thought and enlarge our capacity for empathy.
How has art shaped the way we think about health? Starting with the classics, the plays of Shakespeare, we see an example of how societies have, over time, regarded large-scale public health threats. During Shakespeare’s active period in the late 16th and early 17thcentury, England was vulnerable to outbreaks of the Bubonic Plague. At least 25,000 Londoners died in one 1603 outbreak alone. Fears of the plague were present at all levels of early modern society, and the theater was no exception. References to the plague appear frequently in Shakespeare’s plays, perhaps most famously in Romeo and Juliet. Towards the end of the tragedy, a messenger is sent to Romeo to inform him that Juliet has faked her death to avoid marrying another man. Unfortunately, the messenger is delayed by quarantine, leading Romeo to think Juliet is actually dead, and precipitating the lovers’ suicides at the end of the play—a literal fulfillment of Mercutio’s well-known curse, “A plague o’ both your houses!” In this sense, the pestilence is used by Shakespeare as a stand-in for the vagaries of fate, dooming the “star-crossed lovers.” The collective awareness that the plague could strike anyone at any time also shaped the trajectory of the visual arts. The memento mori (“remember death”) tradition expressed these fears through the recurring motif of skulls and corpses—a grim reminder of the shortness of life, and, more positively, an incentive to “seize the day” and create a better world (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Claesz P. Vanitas Still-Life. 1630. Mauritshuis, The Hague.
Art has also long played a role in helping populations come to grips with adversity. Pablo Picasso was fully aware of this power when he set to work on the mural that was to be his response to the fascist bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. He conceived the painting as nothing less than a weapon against the destructive political forces of the pre-World War II era, confiding to the artist Dora Maar, “I know I am going to have terrible problems with this painting, but I am determined to do it—we have to arm for the war to come.” As he worked on the piece, Picasso received many visitors who came to view his progress. This was unusual for him—while he generally did not like people watching him work, he wanted to publicize the creation of Guernica as his personal contribution to the antifascist cause, and as a testament to the capacity of art to respond to, and resist, threats to social stability (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Picasso P. Guernica. 1937. Museo Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain.
In a similar vein, during the years of Soviet domination in Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia and the Czech Republic), musicians and writers inspired a movement that would culminate in the peaceful 1989 Velvet Revolution, which overthrew the Soviet regime and elevated the dissident playwright Václav Havel to the country’s presidency. In countries where authoritarian governments have not allowed such movements to develop, it is the arts world that has often kindled dissent, even under repressive circumstances. The US has seen many examples of arts-inspired social movements. In the 19th century, for example, Harriett Beecher Stowe’s book Uncle Tom’s Cabin would do much to catalyze support for abolition. Apocryphally, when Stowe was received by President Lincoln at the White House, the President, with the Union army in the field, reportedly said to her, “So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.” Sometimes a single piece of art will inform multiple movements, over the course of decades. Woody Guthrie’s song “This Land Is Your Land” has been inspiring social change since its composition in the 1940s, from the Civil Rights movement to the recent protests against the immigration policies of President Trump. The music of Bob Dylan has had a similarly far-reaching effect.
In a more recent context—the HIV/AIDS crisis of the 1980s and 1990s—an artistic flourishing helped affected populations tell their stories to the wider world and forge the bonds of community that would lead to an anti-AIDS movement. From the poetry of James Merrill, to the plays of Larry Kramer and Tony Kushner, to dynamic visual pieces like Keith Haring’s 1988 Silence = Death and the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt, founded by the activist Cleve Jones, the history of the AIDS crisis is also the history of a unique moment in American art.
Although we do not often explicitly articulate it, at SPH we have maintained a focus on the intersection of art and population health for some time. For example, we were able to explore the lives of our neighbors here in the South End, through the “Life on Albany” photo series, which featured the work of our Educational Technologist Liam Hunt. Our annual production of The Vagina Monologues, our BUSPH Stories event, and the artistic engagement of our faculty, students, and staff represent our further investment in art’s ability to communicate the ongoing narrative of population health.
Given the quickening pace of social and political change in recent years, and the link between art and the conditions that shape the health of populations, it seems to me that a robust engagement with the arts is all the more necessary if we are to meet the challenge that this moment presents. Our efforts on this front are all of a piece with the collective effort, frequently expressed through art, to better understand the conditions around us, so that we may work to create healthier populations.
I hope everyone has a terrific week. Until next week.
Warm regards,
Sandro
Acknowledgement: I am grateful to Eric DelGizzo and to Professor Jennifer Beard for their contributions to this Dean’s Note.